Reference – Judder and how to deal with it Why does HD Video judder, how do you avoid it and how do you live with it? By Mike Brennan - COMMENTS (1) There are a few common questions. Why does HD judder so much more than film? And why does HD appear to judder more when viewed on on a CRT monitor than when recorded to film and viewed at the cinema? How does progressive scan help a video camera picture look like film? First lets look at the history of cinema to establish why we have arrived at the frame rates and perception of flicker in the cinema that we have today. Initially the frame rate of motion picture cameras and projectors was around 15 frames per second, this was increased to 24fps when talkies came along. The number of frames per second needed to capture fluid movement is one question, the number of frames needed to display it another. A film projector must have a blanking phase to allow each frame of film to be transported into the gate. Then the stationary frame is projected. Our eyes are very sensitive to flicker, especially in a dark environment so 24 black flashes per second is very disturbing. The solution to reducing the duration of the black flashes is to show the same stationary frame two times within 1/24th of a second. So instead of one long black flash between frames we get two short black flashes between frames. This makes the black flashes less objectionable. (In the days of 15 frames per second projection a three bladed rotary shutter was used to create 45 images per second). So today at the cinema we are seeing the same frame flashed twice, creating a 48 image per second display. (some projectors have three bladed shutters but most are two). For a century both the industry and audience standard for exposure duration has been 1/48th sec per frame (for features shot at 24fps). This shutter speed combined with the frame rate has a characteristic sharpness and judder that is in my view the strongest characteristic of what we call the film look. So is 24 frames per second OK for actually capturing the motion on set? Actually it isn't ideal, it really is low horsepower. It is not taxed by talking heads and wide shots with not much movement, but when the subject starts to move the cinematographer has to be very aware of the limits the subject can move between frames. If the subject moves too much then they will appear to judder. Page one of "how to be a cinematographer" circa 1890s says that a "subject must remain stationary in frame or move slowly through frame"! Feature films spend a good deal of time and money making sure that the subject does not move through the frame too quickly. Cranes and dollies help the camera track a subject through a set, but do it so that the subject itself does not move through frame too quickly. Extraordinary devices have been created to accommodate the relatively low frame rate of film. However look at the background on such a crane or dolly move and if it is in focus enough it will judder. If the audience around you is looking at a juddery background and not the subject then it is a poorly composed or framed shot. Page2 Comment December 17th 2008 - Very nice article. Just one thing, though: throughout, the word "judder" should be replaced by "strobe". Judder is the jerky movement introduced during the telecine process (e.g., when 24-frame film is transferred to 60-field video in a 2:3 pulldown). RELEVANT MEDIA